导言直面内战
[1]JohnLewisGaddis,“TheLongPeace:ElementsofSecurityinthePostwarInternationalSystem,”inLongPeace,214—45;Mueller,RetreatfromDoomsday;Mandelbaum,DawnofPeaceinEurope;Howard,TheInventionofPeaceandtheReinventionofWar;Sheehan,WhereHaveAlltheSoldiersGone?
[2]Melander,Pettersson,andThemnér,OrganizedViolence,1989—2015;PttdWllteerssonanaenseen,“ArmedConflicts1946—2014,。”
[3]Braumoeller,“IsWarDisappearing?”;Newman,“ConflictResearchandthe‘Decline’ofCivilWar”;Sarkees,“PatternsofCivilWarsintheTwentiethCentury。”
[4]Ghervas,“Lapaixparledroit,cimentdelacivilisationenEurope?”
[5]ImmanuelKant,“TowardPerpetualPeace”(1795),inPracticalPhilosophy,trans。Gregor,317,351。
[6]Goldstein,WinningtheWaronWar;Pinker,BetterAngelsofOurNature。
[7]hironaka,NeverendingWars,4–5;PaulCollier,LisaChauvet,andH?vardHagre,“TheSecurityChallengeinConflict-ProneCountries,”inGlobalCrises,GlobalSolutions,ed。Lomborg,72,99(quoted);Skaperdasetal。,CostsofViolence;WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentReport2011;Dunne,“ArmedConflicts”;Hoeffler,“AlternativePerspective。”
[8]Collier,Wars,Guns,andVotes,139(quoted);Collier,Hoeffler,andS?derbom,“OntheDurationofCivilWar”;Fearon,“WhyDoSomeCivilWarsLastSoMuchLongerThanOthers?”;Walter,“DoesConflictBegetConflict?”;Hironaka,NeverendingWars,1,50;WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentReport2011,57。
[9]Collier,BottomBillion;Rice,Graff,andLewis,PovertyandCivilWar。
[10]Missionstatement,CentrefortheStudyofCivilWar,PeaceResearchInstituteOslo,http:www。prio。orgProgrammesExtensionsCentre-for-the-Study-ofCivil-WarAbout。
[11]Enzensberger,CivilWar,12。
[12]Agamben,Stasis,trans。Heron,2。CompareGrangé,Oublierlaguerrecivile?,7:“ilestvraiquelaguerrecivileestoccultéeparlestraitéspolitiques”;Kissane,NationsTornAsunder,3:“Therehasbeen,inthehistoryofpoliticalthought,nosystematictreatiseoncivilwar。”
[13]Mason,“EvolutionofTheoryonCivilWarandRevolution,”63–66。
[14]Melander,Petersson,andWallensteen,“OrganizedViolence,1989—2015,”730;Gleditsch,“TransnationalDimensionsofCivilWar”;Checkel,TransnationalDynamicsofCivilWar。
[15]Mayer,Furies,323(“Ifwarishell,thencivilwarbelongstohell’sdeepestandmostinfernalregions”);Kalyvas,LogicofViolenceinCivilWar,52–53。
[16]Lucan,Bellumcivile(1。31–32),inLucan,CivilWar,trans。Braund,3–4;MicheldeMontaigne,“OfBadMeanesEmploiedtoaGoodEnd”(Essais,2。23),inEssaysWritteninFrenchbyMichaelLordofMontaigne,trans。Florio,384;FrankAiken,Aug。3,1922,quotedinHopkinson,GreenAgainstGreen,273。
[17]Eliot,Milton,3。
[18]DeGaulle,quotedinMara?onMoya,“ElgeneralDeGaulle,enToledo”(“Todaslasguerrassonmalas…Perolasguerrasciviles,enlasqueenambastrincherashayhermanos,sonimperdonables,porquelapaznonacecuandolaguerratermina”)。
[19]Enzensberger,CivilWar,trans。SpenceandChalmers,11。
[20]Girard,ViolenceandtheSacred;GiraldoRamírez,ElrastrodeCaín;Jacoby,Bloodlust;Esposito,TermsofthePolitical,123–34。AsBillKissanenotes,thetermforcivilwarinmodernHebrewapproximatesto“warbetweenbrothers。”Kissane,NationsTornAsunder,7。
[21]Osgood,Caesar’sLegacy,3,citingBrunt,ItalianManpower,225b。c。—a。d。14,509–12。
[22]Braddick,God’sFury,England’sFire,xii。
[23]Faust,“NumbersonTopofNumbers,”997;Faust,ThisRepublicofSuffering,xi。Neely,CivilWarandtheLimitsofDestruction,208–16。此篇文章批判了这个数据,但是Hacker在其文章“Census-BasedCountoftheCivilWarDead”中将死亡数据修改成620000—750000,较有说服力。
[24]Kloppenberg,TowardDemocracy,21–60。
[25]Clarendon,TheHistoryoftheRebellionandCivilWarsinEngland,BegunintheYear1641。
[26]Schmitt,ExCaptivitateSalus,56(“DerBürgerkrieghatetwasbesondersGrausames。EristeinBruderkrieg,weilerinnerhalbeinergemeinsamen…politischenEinheit…geführtwird,undweilbeidek?mpfendenSeitendiesegemeinsameEinheitgleichzeitigabsolutbehauptenundabsolutverneinen”)。
[27]U。S。DepartmentofWar,WaroftheRebellion。
[28]Gingrich,quotedinStauffer,“Civility,CivilSociety,andCivilWars,”88。
[29]“PourValls,leFNpeutconduireàla‘guerrecivile,’”LeMonde,Dec。11,2015:“Ilyadeuxoptionspournotrepays。Ilyauneoptionquiestcelledel’extrêmedroitequi,aufond,pr?nelapision。CettepisionpeutconduireàlaguerrecivileetilyauneautrevisionquiestcelledelaRépubliqueetdesvaleurs,quiestlerassemblement。”
[30]Brass,TheftofanIdol,3–20;Kalyvas,“Ontologyof‘PoliticalViolence’”;Kalyvas,“PromisesandPitfallsofanEmergingResearchProgram”;KissaneandSitter,“IdeasinConflict。”
[31]Kaldor,NewandOldWars;Kalyvas,“‘New’and‘Old’CivilWars”;Münkler,NewWars。
[32]Geuss,“NietzscheandGenealogy”;Bevir,“WhatIsGenealogy?”
[33]Skinner,“GenealogyoftheModernState,”325。
[34]Nietzsche,OntheGenealogyofMorality,51。
[35]Ibid。,53(myemphasis)。
[36]Gallie,“EssentiallyContestedConcepts”;Collier,Hidalgo,andMaciuceanu,“EssentiallyContestedConcepts。”
[37]Gallie,prefacetoPhilosophyandtheHistoricalUnderstanding,8–9。
[38]Kalyvas,“CivilWars,”417。
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